pay raises are by the step scale within that GS grade. so its not a situation where they give X $100 and Z $115. if X and Z start at the same grade and step, then both go up a step, their pay would still be the same. the only difference would be their "cost of living" for their zip code or county, which is another fixed value.
go ahead and use small words if you want.
Sexism and racism are not limited to explicit, overt, individual discriminatory decisions. Which is why I specifically said "in the broad sense". I am no expert on this specific situation, but that study's authors themselves note that differences are in part due to larger societal issues that occur before people enter the GS system in the first place, and IIRC they also note that society at large affects women's choices, which affects pay grade. That is sexism (and analogously, racism).
my mom was one of the bra burners in the 60s and 70s. she was and still considers herself a feminist.
she worked in the GS system and retired after 23.5 years across multiple professional groups focusing primarily in accounting and HR.
i showed her a link to that study on the GS system. she worked her way up from a GS 4 step 0 to GS 11 step 10.
she said the reason for the pay gap they saw was not racism or sexism, but rather because of work ethic. as part of her job in Army ROTC "HR" was to review pay gap studies and send them out to multiple groups for comment since the mid 80s. and then submit those reports up the chain with comments from those groups.
so she dealt with this very issue multiple times a year between 1988 to 2012. in the GS system. would you consider her an expert?
she said that so many of these studies leave out "work ethic" metrics because of what happens once you do.
1) zip code
2) job responsibilities ( not title or professional job classification )
3) productivity stats
whenever reports were generated that included those breakdowns, very different results showed than when you left them out. she said that sometime in the mid to late 90s no wage studies were including productivity stats because they were told not to, and even curtailed tracking of productivity stats.
the pay gap they found in this study is because they omitted those productivity stats.
but you keep going with your mantra's of sexism and racism and misogyny.
you go ahead and keep denying the truth. just know that deep down, you do not fix a faulty escapement by replacing the glass cover on the face.