Ranne said:
I think it's safe to say that not that many people even knew the meaning of the word "genetic" back then, let alone everything else.
Lots of
scientists knew what
genetic meant. The term genetics was popularized by
William Bateson after he rediscovered
Mendel's work around 1905, although the term had been in use in a different biological sense from the mid 1800s. Not so, the public. That I'd agree.
Ranne said:
Again, it was all guesswork at that point: most of our actual knowledge about radiation effects comes from long-term studies of Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Chernobyl.
The short-term effects of high-dosage exposure were very clear. Some of the longer-term effects of chroinc exposure were known from radiation workers and the victims of radiation
therapies. As I said, there was a growing movement, headed by people like
Muller, to protect people from the effects of ionizing-radiation.
Ranne said:
No real scientist could accurately predict the rates of hereditary mutations only a year or two after the discovery of the double helix and only five to ten years after the atomic bombings of Japan.
Mutation rates are difficult to measure, and even more difficult to predict (this is especially true in the absence of sequencing analysis, or even restriction analysis and chromosomal banding analysis), but there was work in this area even prior to the discovery of the structure of DNA. It isn't necessary to know the structure of DNA, or even that DNA is the carrier of genetic information, in order to measure mutation rates (although it does necessarily mean that either the mutagenic source must be relatively strong or that a very large population must studied, and that generally mutation rates are vastly underaccounted due to silent mutations).
There was some work prior to the '50s on mutation rates, by people like
Muller. One of the seminal papers on the matter is
Babcock , E.B., and Collins, J.L. (1929) Does Natural Ionizing Radiation Control Rate of Mutation? PNAS, 15 (8), 623-628, which builds on the work of
Muller, and also
Olsen and
Lewis. (Actually, the paper is available for download from the
PNAS website, for anybody interested.)
There was limited research into the mutagenic effects of gamma irradiation in the '40s and '50s, e.g.
Caspari, E., and Stern, C. (1948) The Influence of Chronic Irradiation with Gamma-Rays at Low Dosages on the Mutation Rate in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Genetics, 33 (1), 75-95., or
Ives PT. (1959) The Mutation Rate In Drosophila After High Doses Of Gamma Radiation. PNAS, 45 (2), 188-92.
Ranne said:
Radioactive poisoning as instantaneous superability-granting magic wand? Make it "cheap pulp fiction, comic books and humorous sci-fi of the '50s" and I'm ok with it. I'm pretty sure the mutants of "A Canticle for Leibowitz" didn't fly around spewing webs out of their hands and shooting laser beams out of their a-holes. In fact, with the exception of Henry Kuttner's Hogben family, I don't really recall any notable sci-fi writer who presented radioactive mutants in this manner, and I've read a lot of science fiction of the 50s and 60s in my life.
Ah well, there is the difference between real
Science Fiction, and
fiction about science. No point in referencing authors who really loved and understood science because, as I said, scientists didn't see radiation as a wholly benign force any longer.
The '50s and '60s saw an explosion in pulp fiction (and the second coming of comic strip fiction), so I'm afraid that the worst examples are probably the most numerous. The
fiction is very clear, but don't mistake that for me meaning good quality sci-fi. That
radiation could achieve almost any transformation imaginable became a cliché which managed to persist well into recent years.